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When reintroducing beech, genetic variability, along with other factors, play a key role. Nowadays, in the Czech Republic, beech is underrepresented in forest tree species composition, and there are tendencies to increase its proportion. European beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) is one of the most important broadleaved tree species in Europe both ecologically and economically. Measure Distance, Measure Angle or Measure Torsion. Measuring Distances, Angles and Torsions Measurement mode can be set in two ways: By setting the Picking Mode in the tool bar (near the top of the main Mercury window) to the required parameter type, viz. Mercury Help Measurement > Measuring Distances, Angles and Torsions.

That is comparable with the findings in other European studies. According to the results, observed heterozygosity ( H o) among populations ranged from 0.595 to 0.654 and expected heterozygosity ( H e) from 0.650 to 0.678. Two hundred and fifty individuals were genotyped on 21 polymorphic nuclear microsatellite markers, which were amplified using two newly assembled multiplexes.

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Version: 3.8 (x86/x64) Date update: Aug 5, 2016. The file is clean, see the report. Scanned by 74 antivirus programs on Apr 11, 2021. Nevertheless, the results implicate that on a geographical scale of the Czech Republic, the distance is unlikely to be the primary driver of genetic differentiation.Download version 3.8 from Software Informer. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) based on Nei's genetic distances revealed that there are genetic differences among populations resulting in three approximate clusters (geographically north, south-east, and south-west).

The recommended proportion of beech in the tree species composition makes 18% (e.g. Nowadays, however, there are trends to put beech back into the forests, and it is frequently used together with other broadleaves for reforestation ( TomГЎЕЎkovГЎ, 2004). In the Czech Republic, the natural representation of beech was 40.2% compared to its current deficient proportion of just 8.6% which represents 223,611 ha ( FulГn et al., 2016 Ministry of Agriculture, 2019). However, due to medieval deforestation and revenue-oriented forest management, many of the natural beech stands have been replaced by spruce ( Picea) or pine ( Pinus) species ( Paule, 1997 Hasenkamp et al., 2011). In many regions of Central Europe, including the Czech Republic, beech covered naturally large areas. It is characterized by an extensive ecological niche, high competitiveness and physiological tolerance against a wide range of environmental factors, making beech a vital tree species both ecologically and economically ( Dittmar et al., 2003 Pastorelli et al., 2003 Leuschner et al., 2006 LefГЁvre et al., 2012).

In the Czech Republic, supposedly native populations are often located in the border regions of the country. Mainly because of ongoing climate change, the study of genetic variation and differentiation of beech populations is crucial for determining the adaptive potential of the species ( Jump et al., 2006a, 2006b SjГ¶lund & Jump, 2015 Kempf & Konnert, 2016). The preferred seed sources should provide the genetic pre-conditions for the best possible adaptation to the respective local conditions and presumed climatic shifts ( Hasenkamp et al., 2011 GГ¶mГ¶ry et al., 2015).

Out of all the markers mentioned above, nuclear microsatellite markers (SSRs, Simple Sequence Repeats) represent an ideal tool for studying genetic diversity, considering their high abundance in genomes, a high degree of polymorphism, neutrality and locus-specificity ( Pastorelli et al., 2003). In the past, beech has been studied by various genetic markers such as isozymes ( Thiebaut et al., 1982 Comps et al., 1991 Degen & Scholz, 1998 BoЕѕiДЌ & Kutnar, 2012), Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) ( Scalfi et al., 2004), nuclear, chloroplast and mitochondrial microsatellites ( Pastorelli et al., 2003 Asuka et al., 2004 Vettori et al., 2004 Vornam et al., 2004 Magri et al., 2006 Hasenkamp et al., 2011 LefГЁvre et al., 2012, Pluess & MГ¤Г¤ttГ¤nen, 2013) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) ( Seifert et al., 2012). Therefore, efficient methods for reliable identification of potentially well-preadapted seeds are needed. Knowledge of the genetic structure of indigenous populations might reveal the significant indicator of the best-adapted populations for a given site.

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Use of solid-phase reactors 149 FIACRE, software for automated FIA 230. ICP-MS 68 Environmental speciation studies of mercury 245 Environmental. We focused on the following questions: (i) Are there significant differences between local beech populations across the Czech Republic? (ii) Can we eventually identify substantial differences among the targeted population? (iii) What is the discrimination power of our marker assemblage?. To evaluate their population genetics parameters, we used two newly modified multiplexes (13- and 8-plex). Mercury provides an extensive array of options to aid the investigation and analysis of crystal structures, allowing you to:This paper presents the results of nuclear-microsatellite analyses of beech populations from ten regions in the Czech Republic. Mercury offers a comprehensive range of tools for 3D structure visualization, the exploration of crystal packing and the statistical analysis of CSD search data.

The minimal distance between sampled trees was 30 m to avoid sampling among closely related individuals ( von WГјhlisch, 2008). Sampling was carried out in 2017. Each of the selected populations was represented either by 20 or 30 mature individuals according to the site characteristics, which turned into 250 tested individuals in total.

Even though both types of tissues provided identical genetic profiles, we decided to extract the DNA from the buds, because of its higher purity and yield. Of PopulationInitially, both the vascular cambium and leaf buds were tested for DNA extraction. Table 1Stand-specific data of the samples. Then they were long-term stored in a freezer. Plant tissues were labeled appropriately and placed in plastic bags with silica gel.

The DNA quantity and quality were measured with a NanoDropВ® 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Genomic DNA was extracted with the GeneaidВ® Genomic DNA Mini Kit (Plant) according to the manufacturer's instructions with a minor modification in the lysis step (60 min of incubation phase). Two 3 mm tungsten beads were added in each tube and frozen in liquid nitrogen before grinding (1 min, 30 Hz) using a mixer mill MM400 (Retsch, Haan, Germany).

An issue of different annealing temperatures among selected primers was considerably decreased when using Type-itВ® Microsatellite PCR kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) for PCR amplification. The final loci selection was divided into two multiplexes (13- and 8-plex) according to their size ranges and PCR amplification compatibility. This led to a total number of 21 highly validated fluorescently labeled genomic markers вЂ“ mfc5, mfc7 a mfc11 ( Tanaka et al., 1999), FS1-03 ( Pastorelli et al., 2003), sfc0036 ( Asuka et al., 2004), concat14_A_0, EMILY_A_0, csolfagus_05, csolfagus_06, csolfagus_19, csolfagus_29, csolfagus_31, DE576_A_0, ERHBI_A_0, EEU75_A_0, DZ447_A_0 a DUKCT_A_0 ( LefГЁvre et al., 2012), Fagsyl_002929, Fagsyl_003849, Fagsyl_001018 and Fagsyl_003093 ( Pluess & MГ¤Г¤ttГ¤nen, 2013) as presented in Table 2. For subsequent Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) steps, we diluted all DNA samples to a working concentration of 20 ng/ОјL.After amplification in single reactions, from preselected microsatellite loci, we excluded those which were difficult to evaluate or of low polymorphism (< 4 alleles), with poor amplification quality or low signal intensity.

Table 2Features of microsatellite primers assembled into multiplexes (SSR: simple sequence repeats).